Within night correlations between radar and ground counts of migrating songbirds
نویسندگان
چکیده
Studies comparing numbers of nocturnal migrants in flight with numbers of migrants at stopover sites have produced equivocal results. In 2003, we compared numbers of nocturnal migrants detected by radar to numbers of passerines observed at the Atlantic Bird Observatory in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada. Numbers of nocturnal migrants detected by radar were positively correlated with numbers of migrants as determined by mistnetting, censuses, and daily estimated totals (daily estimates of birds present based netting and census results and casual observations) the following day. On nights with winds favorable for migration (tailwinds), the peak correlation between ground counts and radar counts the night before occurred just after sunset. On nights with unfavorable winds (headwinds), the correlation increased through the night, with a peak just before sunrise. The patterns of correlation are consistent with a scenario where birds accumulate at the coastline during periods of unfavorable wind, likely because they are not willing to cross a major ecological barrier, the Gulf of Maine. On nights with favorable winds, many birds departed, but some, possibly after testing wind conditions, apparently decided not to cross the Gulf of Maine and returned. Our results suggest that combining data collected using different methods to generate a daily estimated total provides the best estimate of the number of migrants present at a stopover site. Simultaneous studies at multiple locations where different census methods are used, making more effective use of temporal data (both from radar and diurnal counts), will more clearly elucidate patterns of flight behavior by migratory songbirds and the relationship between ground counts and counts of birds aloft. SINOPSIS. Correlaciones entre conteos de aves migratorias hechas mediante radar y mediante observadores en la tierra durante la misma noche Estudios cuales comparan los números de aves migratorias en vuelo durante la noche con los números de aves migratorias en sitios de reposo han producido resultados desiguales. En el 2003, comparamos los números de aves migratorias nocturnas detectadas por radar con los números de aves de Passeriformes observadas en el Atlantic Bird Observatory en el sudoeste de Nueva Escocia, Canadá. Los números de aves migratorias detectadas por radar fueron positivamente correlacionados con los números de aves migratorias detectadas mediante la captura con redes de neblina, por censos y por estimaciones diarias totales (el número de aves migratorias basado en capturas, censos y observaciones no-estandarizadas) durante el próximo dı́a. En noches con vientos favorables para la migración (vientos de cola), el punto máximo de la correlación entre los conteos hechos en la tierra con los conteos hechas mediante radar durante la noche anterior ocurrió justo después de la puesta del sol. En noches con vientos no-favorables para la migración (vientos de frente), la correlación incrementó durante la noche, con un punto máximo justo antes del amanecer. Los patrones de las correlaciones son consistentes con una situación en la cual las aves se acumulan sobre la costa del mar durante periodos de viento no-favorables, probablemente porque no están dispuestos a cruzar una barrera ecológica de mayor tamaño, cual es el Golfo de Maine. En noches con vientos favorables, muchas aves partieron, pero algunos, posiblemente después de probar las condiciones de viento, aparentemente decidieron no cruzar el Golfo de Maine y retornaron. Nuestros resultados sugieren que una combinación de datos colectados utilizando diferentes métodos para generar una estimación diaria total provee la mejor estimación del número de aves migratorias presentes en un sitio de reposo. Estudios simultáneos hechos en múltiples sitios donde diferentes métodos de censo son utilizados, realizando un uso mas efectivo de los datos tomados a través del tiempo (provenientes de conteos mediante radar aśı como de observadores durante el dı́a), mostrarán mas claramente cuales son los patrones del vuelo de las aves migratorias y la relación entre los conteos hechos en la tierra y los conteos de aves en alto vuelo.
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